Abstract
Introduction
Digital computing has been the dominant technological paradigm for decades, but researchers now have a growing interest in alternative computational systems. These systems include analogue mechanical and electrical computational systems, light-based computing and – most notably – quantum computing. Such systems are usually designed for specific applications, purportedly solving particular computational tasks more efficiently than digital computers can.
In an adversarial setting, policymakers should not view potential attacks using most new computational systems as a pressing concern. The key exception is quantum computing, which presents a substantially greater challenge than the others. This is partly due to a broad programme of research to develop quantum technologies, which is advancing at a greater rate than those for other approaches to computing.
For example, the United Kingdom is continuing to build upon its history as a leader in the space with the National Quantum Technologies Programme. This follows strategic investments in ancillary areas such as cryogenic cooling systems, which have given the country a significant advantage. Last year, the UK released the National Quantum Strategy Missions, setting out a series of development goals in key areas of quantum technology, not least quantum computing, networks and sensing.
The upshot is that UK regulation will need to sustain the current pace of research while mitigating the threat of quantum attacks. This analysis will examine several quantum-based threats, starting with a brief overview of those in post-quantum cryptography. It will then survey the legislative restrictions on the export of quantum technologies that many countries have introduced in recent years. Finally, it will make policy recommendations for the UK government in responding to these risks and opportunities.