This work was supported by the Department for International Development (DFID) and the Wellcome Trust 221303/Z/20/Z. We acknowledge Jennifer Quint (Imperial College London) and Arminder Deol and Laurie Tomlinson (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) for providing technical and clinical advice on specific diseases. We also acknowledge Ulla Griffiths (Unicef, New York City) and Palwasha Anwari (Unicef, Kabul) for providing feedback on the spreadsheet. MM is the research director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, a partnership of universities, international agencies, universities and foundations. RME acknowledges funding from Health Data Research UK (grant MR/S003975/1) and the Medical Research Council (MRC; grant MC_PC 19065). HPG acknowledges funding from the Department of Health and Social Care using UK Aid funding, managed by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR; grant code ITCRZ 03010). The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health and Social Care. CW-G acknowledges funding from the Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship (201440_Z_16_Z). MJ was funded by the NIHR (grants 16/137/109 and NIHR200929), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-003174), DFID/Wellcome Trust (221303/Z/20/Z), and European Commission Horizon 2020 (101003688). This research was partly funded by the NIHR using aid from the UK Government to support global health research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR, Public Health England, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. AB is supported by the BigData@Heart Consortium, funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative-2 joint undertaking under grant agreement number 116074. This joint undertaking receives support from the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. FC acknowledges funding from UK Research and Innovation as part of the Global Challenges Research Fund (grant number ES/P010873/1). The Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 working group declare support from the following organisations: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grants OPP1183986, OPP1191821, INV-003174, OPP1180644, and OPP1184344), Research Councils UK (RCUK)/Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC; grant ES/P010873/1), UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Modelling Methodology, European Commission (grant 101003688), NIHR (grants PR-OD-1017–20002, 16/137/109), NIHR EPIC grant (grant 16/137/109), European Research Council Starting Grant (action numbers #757688, and #757699), Wellcome Trust (grants 210758/Z/18/Z, 208812/Z/17/Z, and 206250/Z/17/Z), MRC London Intercollegiate Doctoral Training Program studentship (grants MR/N013638/1), MRC (grant MR/P014658/1), The Nakajima Foundation, The Alan Turing Institute, NIHR HPRU in Immunisation (grant HPRU-2012–10096), Global Challenges Research Fund for the project RECAP managed through RCUK and ESRC (grant ES/P010873/1), and Elrha's Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises (R2HC) Programme. The R2HC Programme is funded by the UK Government (DFID), the Wellcome Trust, and the NIHR.